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Sima Guang in the two Taoist sectonic circles
Author: Li Wei (Talented by the Marxist School of Qingshima)
Source: “Tongyue Forum” 2021 Issue 11
Abstract: “Taoism” is a new form of Confucianism, because the Song Confucianism was born to change the academic and the challenge of opposing religion. “Taoism” is a fusion system that spreads Confucianism. At the beginning of the Middle Tang Dynasty, some Confucians proposed Taoist theory to clarify the inheritance of Confucianism and use it to counter the ancestral theory of religion. There are two important Taoist essays of the Song Dynasty and the Taoist essays listed in the Song Dynasty. One is the Taoist essays of Zhu Xi, which has an official nature, and the other is the Taoist essays represented by the “Collected Confucian Taoism of the Confucians”. Sima Guang, one of the founders of Taoist scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty, had a distinct position in these two Taoist sects: Zhu Xi did not include Sima Guang in his Taoist sects, and the “Song of Confucian Taoism” not only included Sima Guang in this, but also ranked second in his character sequence. Placing Sima Guang in these two different Taoist schema for assessment not only helps to grasp Sima Guang’s position in the history of Taoist thinking in the early Song Dynasty, but also presents an overview of the development of Song Dynasty academics from another side.
Keywords: Taoism; Taoist sect; “The Collection of Confucianism and Taoism”; Sima Guang; Zhu Xi;
1. Taoism, theory, and new Confucianism
Since Emperor Wu of Han decided to learn Confucianism, officials have regarded Confucianism as a ruling thinking during the ages. As the times change, their appearances are also different. For example, the Confucianism in the Song Dynasty had some references to Taoism, theory, and new Confucianism. The direction of diversified development of academic thinking in the early Song Dynasty was very clear. Zhang Xuesheng believed that: “Confucianism became prosperous in the Song Dynasty, and Confucianism also became different from the Song Dynasty.” [1] Clarifying concepts such as Taoism, theory, and new Confucianism undoubtedly had the main meaning for understanding the diversified development of academic thinking in the Song Dynasty.
“The name of Taoism was nothing in ancient times.” [2] According to Mao Qiqi, a scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, the first person to apply the name of “Taoism” was Taoism. He believed that the so-called “Taoism” was just a Taoist learning. Later, the concept of “Taoism” became a common concept used by literati, whether in the Northern Song Dynasty or the Southern Song Dynasty, and some scholars even referred to “Taoism” as teaching. The earliest application of the concept of “Taoism” in literary notes refers to Confucianism, Wang Kaizu, a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty. He said: “Since Mencius, Taoism has not been understood. Now I will describe the way of Shun, discuss the rule of literature and military, stop the path of lust and evil, and open the door of the emperor.” [3] Chen Zu, a scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, said: “When I was in the imperial throne, the Song Dynasty was less than a hundred years old, and the Taoism was not done by Master Yiluo, but the teacher of Master Yiluo did not do it. Jingshan was able to study meticulously and meditate, invented the sacred, and advocated the word “Taoism”… More than 40 years later, the Confucian scholar of Yiluo began to emerge.” [4] Fu Qi, a literati of the Jin Dynasty, also compiled the “Source of Taoism”Baozhuang A book, which is widely circulated. Zhang Xu once said: “At the beginning of Jiayou, I met Luoyang Cheng Bochun and Zheng Shukun’s younger brother Yu Jing, and shared the key points of Taoism. ”【5】Si Ma Guang also praised Shao Yong and said, “It is like the respect of the teacher and the teacher Taoism. When he was young and virtuous, his official position lacked Taoism. ”【6】In the “Two Cheng Collection”, the word “Tao Xue” appears in Cheng’s articles such as “Shanghan’s Political Book”, “Answering Yang Shi Consolation Book”, and “Shangtai Empress Dowager” and other articles. Hu Anguo also said: “Since Jiayou, there were Shao Yong, Cheng Jun and his younger brothers in the West, and there were some books in the articles. These four people all learn virtues and are called in the world. ”【7】It can be seen that the concept of Taoism finally refers to the study of seeking Taoism for the three generations. Although “History of the Song Dynasty·Taoism” does not establish a set of inheritance of Taoism, in terms of its list of the merits of the ancestors such as King Wen, Duke Zhou, and Confucius, it is obvious that the Tao of sages is the Taoism, which is what Mo Mu said: “Confucius’ Taoism and Confucianism are the correct principles. ”【8】 In “Dao Ming Record”, Li Xinche of the Southern Song Dynasty recorded how the way of the saints changed into the official Taoism, and explained the excitement of Taoism for more than a hundred years from the perspective of history. Since then, the concept of “Taoism” generally refers to the Confucian school after the transformation from the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, which is also the broad Taoism that Tian Hao called. Some scholars have different opinions on this. For example, Master Chen believes that Taoism is “the mainstream of Song Dynasty’s representative learning”, which is obviously Braining emotions is based on the definition of Taoism, which refers specifically to Luo school.
The word “physics” first appeared in the Chunxi period of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, and was openly published during the Jiading period of Emperor Ningzong. When Lizong was in the period of the Lizong Dynasty, it was in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and it has been used to this day. Regarding the division between the concepts of “Taoism” and “Natural Science”, there have always been differences in cognition in the academic world. Teacher Rongyoulan believed that “Taoism” refers to the new trend of the rise of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He once said: “In the Northern Song Dynasty, the name ‘Taoism’ was 博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官网博官The name “Science” appeared later and appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty, the names Taoism and science have been mutually common. ”【9】Li Xinshi, in his place, held his feet in the Song Wei-tung, hesitated for half a minute, put down his suitcase, and followed the editorial “Dao Ming Record” and believed that “the theory of theory is hidden from the practice of the Tang and Yu dynasties, and was promoted from the teachings of Confucius and Zhu Si, and promoted from the speeches of Zi Si Meng and Fu, and was confused from the discussions of Confucian Confucians in the Tang Dynasty, and restored from my Song Lianxi teacher Zhou Gong. ”【10】It is obvious that what Li Xinche called is the Tao that conveys the way of sages. Liu Kezhang, a lyricist of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in the article “Jifu Yishen”: “The mathematical studies in this dynasty include the Chen family of Huashan and Shao family of Henan. Although Shaw Brothers’ books exist today, there are very few who know them. The sciences include the Yichuan Cheng family and the Xin’an Zhu family. They are taught in the ages and say a few things” [11], calling Cheng and Zhu the learning “the science of nature”. Huang Zhen, a student of the Southern Song Dynasty, also said: “The dynasty is the first dynasty.”The governance was to pursue Tang and Yu, and to use rational learning as the foundation. The study of Yili was unique in this dynasty, and was the sect teacher of Master Cheng and Teacher Cheng. ”【12】 also said: “I have learned theory until the dynasty and then the great enlightenment will come before the emperor. “13 It is obvious that Huang Zhen regarded the Second Cheng as the founder of the science of science. After that, Zhu Zimen and later scholars used the term “Natural Science” to refer to the Taoist tradition from the Second Cheng to Zhu Zi, and the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynastiesTaiwan Baoqiang.comThree dynasties, Cheng and Zhu were in great prosperity.
The concept of “New Confucianism” is from the perspective of the way of describing Confucian classics. In order to change the learning of Confucianism’s teachings and the challenge of opposing religionsSweetheart Garden has aroused a new data movement to change Confucianism. Because it is far away from the Confucianism style of the Han and Tang Confucianism, it is called New Confucianism. In his “Zhu Zi Xue Ti Ting”, Yu Mu also believed that Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was different from Confucianism in the Han and Tang dynasties, and emphasized the development of classical principles, so it can be called “New Confucianism”, and “Natural Science” was later, which was the name of the Cheng and Zhu School of the Song Dynasty when the new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty develop